Welcome to the community. Is this all of the information you received? How much of a change in the OD matters? Why didn't you attach a JMP file instead of an Excel file?
At first glance, it looks like you have 3 factors in an experiment and the tube thickness appears to be a covariate but there is not sufficient explanation to determine this (was this factor specifically manipulated or was it simply measured for each treatment).
If we assume the tube was manipulated, then the res is IV as you note.
To answer question 5-7, run: Analyze>fit model. You can start with a saturated model and then reduce the model removing insignificant terms. Re-run the model and analyze the residuals (many plots to help with this). Save the prediction formula and solve for 2.5 OD.
"All models are wrong, some are useful" G.E.P. Box